Phase-Tracking RS (Reference Signals): Phase-Tracking RS: Navigating the Wobbly Signal in 5G Imagine you’re trying to read a message written on a wobbly surface. In
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Phase-Tracking RS (Reference Signals): Phase-Tracking RS: Navigating the Wobbly Signal in 5G Imagine you’re trying to read a message written on a wobbly surface. In
DM-RS (Demodulation Reference Signals) PDSCH & PUSCH DM-RS: The Hidden Guides in 5G Data Streams Imagine sending a complex message in a busy city with
CSI-RS (Channel State Information – Reference Signals) CSI-RS: Scouting the Path for 5G Data Imagine you’re sending a message across a vast, uneven landscape. In
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) PRACH in 5G. It’s a crucial element for devices to initiate communication with the network. Here’s a breakdown of its
Antenna Architecture 5G technology relies heavily on innovative antenna design and functionalities to deliver its high speeds and capacity. This includes antenna architectures, which define
Advanced CP-OFDM While CP-OFDM is the workhorse of 5G’s air interface, researchers are exploring Advanced CP-OFDM Waveforms to potentially enhance its capabilities for supporting diverse
The Physical Layer: The Foundation of 5G Communication The physical layer (PHY) serves as the bedrock of the 5G protocol stack. It’s the invisible workhorse
Overall Protocol Structure Efficient data transmission in 5G relies on a layered protocol structure. Each layer performs specific tasks to ensure smooth communication. Here’s a
Non-Access Stratum (NAS) the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) layer serves as a critical bridge between the User Equipment (UE) and the Core Network (CN). It acts
RRC: Radio Resource Control The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer sits between the upper layers (e.g., PDCP) and the lower layers (e.g., Radio Link Control
MAC in 5G:The Medium Access Control The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer in 5G acts as the traffic conductor for the radio spectrum. It efficiently
The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) acts as a workhorse within the 5G User Plane (UP), ensuring efficient and
Service Data Adaptation Protocol SDAP The SDAP layer in 5G ensures efficient data delivery. It maps data priorities (QoS) to radio channels, compresses packet headers
RLC The Radio Link Control (RLC) layer sits between PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and the radio access network (RAN) in 5G. It acts as
5G Protocol Structure 5G relies on a multi-layered protocol structure similar to the OSI model for efficient communication. This structure divides tasks into specific functions
The necessity for 5G remains strong due to various reasons that we will explained shortly. The limitations of LTE have become apparent due to its
To comprehend the origin and categorization of wireless technologies, specifically the identification of 5G, a thorough understanding of IMT-2020 is necessary. The International Telecommunications Union
The 5G specification work, as outlined in (3GPP) RP-160671, aimed to identify and develop the necessary technology components for new radio (NR) systems capable of
Global mobile data usage is increasing significantly every year. statistics and forecasts suggest that it is set to rise exponentially over the coming years. Many
The overall Architecture of 5G RAN or NG-RAN (next generation radio access technology network) is similar to LTE Architecture. However some changes and improvements are introduced. This article contains the following points: 5G RAN architecture and interfaces gNB functions 5G RAN Split
The 5G network architecture consist of the Radio access Network (RAN) and the core network (NG-Core). The NG-Core stands for Next Generation Core and it consists of the following
Before we start explaining RACH procedure we can start with a very basic question. What are the steps needed for a UE to register with