5G relies on a multi-layered protocol structure similar to the OSI model for efficient communication. This structure divides tasks into specific functions performed by different layers. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Physical Layer (PHY): The foundation, handling the raw data transmission and receiving signals as bits.
2. Data Link Layer (MAC): Ensures data integrity between network entities by managing data channels and error correction.
3. Network Layer (RLC): Responsible for routing data packets (RLC channels) between network entities using the most efficient path.
4. Transport Layer (PDCP): Provides reliable data transfer with error detection and correction, offering Radio Bearers to the upper layer.
5. Session Layer (SDAP) – (Control Plane Only): Manages data exchange sessions between applications in the User Equipment (UE) and the Core Network (for Control Plane traffic only).
6. Presentation Layer: Provides a format for data exchange between applications (not explicitly shown in the 5G protocol stack).
7. Application Layer: Represents the end-user applications that utilize the network for services like web browsing or video streaming.

This layered approach ensures organized data flow, with each layer performing its specific task and offering services to the layer above it.